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NOTE ON TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY: Females of this lance nematode are about 1 mm long. They have a lip region with 4 distinct lip annuli, a lateral field marked by one incisure, and a distinct spermatheca. Their intestine overlaps the rectum. Their tail is short with 7-15 annuli. This nematode has ectoparasitic and also semi-endoparasitic habits. It causes discoloration and stunting of feeder roots. Males are common (CAB International, 2001).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: This lance nematode has been reported from the following countries: Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Congo Democratic Republic, Dominica, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Grenada, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Réunion, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe (CAB International, 2001).
HOSTS: The main host of this nematode is banana (Musa sp.). Other hosts include African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), citrus (Citrus sp.), cocao (Theobroma cocao), coffee (Coffea arabica), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), crabgrass (Digitaria abyssinica) grapevine (Vitis vinifera), guava (Psidium guajava), koracan (Eleusine coracana), kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides), mango (Mangifera indica), papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus), rice (Oryza sativa), roses (Rosa sp.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugarcane (Saccharum offcinarum), tea (Camellia sinensis), and wheat (Triticum aestivum).
CROP LOSSES: This nematode may be a contributing factor in accelerating decay of banana roots, however the damage induced by this pest has not been quantified (CAB International, 2001; Gowen and Quénéhervé, 1990).
MEANS OF MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL: Hoplolaimus pararobustus is dispersed with infested soil, and by infected bare rooted plants or contaminated machinery.
RATING: Taking into consideration the limited information on the economic damage that this nematode causes to crops, the risk posed by H. pararobustus to the United States is considered very low.
REFERENCES:
CAB International, 2001. Hoplolaimus pararobustsusin:
Crop protection compendium, global module, 3rd edition. Wallingford, UK:
CAB International.
Gowen, S. and P. Queneherve. 1990. Nematode parasites
of bananas, plantains and Abaca. Pp. 431-460 in M. Luc, R. A. Sikora,
and J. Bridge eds. Plant parasitic nematodes in tropical and subtropical
agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.