An Illustrated Key to Selected Genera and Species of Cyst forming Heteroderidae in the Western Hemisphere
(based on cysts and second-stage larvae)
after Mulvey & Golden, 1983
1.  Cyst (and female) without posterior protuberance
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Cyst (and female) with distinct posterior protuberance
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Other Heteroderidae- 
see Mulvey & Golden, 1983
2. Vulva fenestra large, anal area small and without fenestration; cysts spherical, subspherical, or elongate ovoid 
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Vulva and anal fenestra large, both of equal size; cysts ovoid or pear shaped 
3. Cysts pear shaped; second-stage larvae with body length of 350 - 490 u
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Cysts spherical or ovoid, second-stage larvae with body length greater than 500 u
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4. Massive bullae between vulva and anal fenestra; second-stage larvae with esophageal gland lobe extending to about 50% of body length; stylet knobs strongly concave anteriorly; host grasses 

P. matadorensis

Bullae small, scattered or absent; second-stage larva esophageal gland lobe extending to about 30% of body length; stylet knobs flattish to slightly concave anteriorly; host maize 
P. chalcoensis
5. Cysts spherical or subspherical; bullae absent; second-stage larva with four lines in lateral field
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Cysts elongate ovoid; bullae present; second-stage larva with three lines in lateral field
6. Cyst wall pattern with rugose striae at midbody primarily extending latitudinally; second-stage larvae with ratio "a" = about 18-25; stylet length 20 um or more; dorsal gland duct opening about one-third or less of stylet length from its base 

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Cyst wall pattern with prominent striae extending longitudinally from fenestral area to near base of neck, body of second-stage larvae very thin, with "a" = 39; stylet length 18 um; dorsal esophageal gland duct opening about two-thirds of stylet length from its base
G. leptonepia
7. B/A ratio averages 1.7 (1.0 - 2.8)

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B/A ratio averages 2.5 - 3.7 (range 1.3 - 9.5)
8. Cuticle between anus and vulva fenestra deeply etched; distinct circumfenestral area present in yellow and mature cysts

G. solanacearum
Cuticle between anus and vulva fenestra moderately etched; circumfenestral area obscure in mature females 
G. tabacum
9. Cuticular pattern mazelike between anus and vulva fenestra 

G. virginiae
Cuticular pattern not mazelike between anus and vulva fenestra, more or less straight lines or ridges 
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10. Number of cuticular ridges between anus and vulva fenestra 8-20 (av. 12.2); second-stage larvae stylet length 23.6 um (21-26); body length 484 um (440-525); if females are available, perineal tubercles small and discrete.
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Number of cuticular ridges between anus and vulva fenestra 21.6 (16-31); second-stage larvae stylet length 21.8 um (21-23); body length 468 um (425-505); if females are available, perineal tubercles large and clumped together.
Authorities:  Punctodera, Mulvey & Stone, 1976 
P. punctata (Thorne, 1928) Mulvey & Stone, 1976
P. matadorensis Mulvey & Stone, 1976 
P. chalcoensis Stone, Sosa Moss & Mulvey, 1976 
Globodera Skarbilovich, 1959 
G. leptonepia G.S. Cobb & Taylor, 1953 
G. solanacerarum Miller & Gray, 1972 
G. tabacum Lownsbury & Lownsbury, 1954 
G. virginiae Miller & Gray, 1968 
G. pallida Stone, 1973 
G. rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 
Dolichodera Mulvey & Ebsary, 1980 
D. fluvialis Mulvey & Ebsary, 1980